#SOUND OF SILENCE MIDI SOFTWARE#
Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) timing information was sent on a unique channel from each keyboard, and data from the two keyboards were merged via a MIDI merger (MIDI Solutions Inc, Canada), which sent all MIDI data to a MIDI-USB Interface to a Linux computer (Fedora 28) running an adapted version of FTAP MIDI recording software (Finney, 2001).
#SOUND OF SILENCE MIDI PROFESSIONAL#
MIDI: Pianists performed on identical Akai Professional MAX25 USB-powered keyboards. Partners could not see one another’s hand or torso movements to minimize visual communication, and EEG was recorded during all tasks. Partners could not hear one another’s Solo performances but could hear one another during Duets. Duet instructions were the same as for the Solo task, with the added goal to “ synchronize keystrokes while maintaining the tempo of the metronome (cue)“. In Solo performance, pianists performed the melody alone at the rate indicated by a metronome pacing cue, with the instructions to “use intuition to determine the length of each pause” and that “each pause should be unique and expressive”.
#SOUND OF SILENCE MIDI TRIAL#
Participants performed a simple melody featuring unmeasured expressive silences (12 total silences notated in the score) from memory in two tasks: Solo (5 trials) and Duet (5 trials) performance (1 trial = one performance of the melody). Ethical approval was obtained from the local United Ethical Review Committee for Research in Psychology (EPKEB) at Central European University (Budapest).
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= 4.27 years, range = 6–22 years) completed the study in pairs (N = 20). Neurally, we tested the hypothesis that dynamics of cortical beta oscillations (13 – 30 Hz) – typically associated with motor preparation and planning (Engel & Fries, 2010 Tzagarakis et al., 2010 Zaepffel et al., 2013) – reflect preparation and planning processes linked to resolution of unmeasured musical silences.Ĥ0 healthy right-handed adults with at least six years of formal piano training (M years of training = 12.13, s.d. This prediction follows from previous work indicating that partners try to reduce unpredictability by making their individual actions more predictable, namely by increasing action speed and reducing variability (Vesper et al., 2011, 2016). Behaviorally, we tested the hypothesis that partners produce shorter and less variable silences relative to individuals as a means of facilitating coordination. Musicians performed this melody alone and simultaneously with a partner with whom they had to coordinate the duration of silences. Specifically, we measured trained musicians’ performances of a simple piano melody featuring unmeasured expressive silences, termed fermatas ( Fermata | Grove Music). Here we investigated this question in the context of musical interaction. How partners resolve unmeasured silence in social interaction is an open and important question for social cognitive neuroscience. Such silences are typically unmeasured, and thus pose a challenge to coordination: partners must determine when to end silences without disrupting the flow of interaction. Silences often arise in social interactions such as conversation and joint music-making: conversation partners often pause between utterances musicians insert expressive silences between musical phrases.
![sound of silence midi sound of silence midi](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/3kXoLhZeX7Y/maxresdefault.jpg)
Thus, shorter silences in interaction may facilitate interpersonal coordination. Partners resolved shorter silences more synchronously than longer silences partners also displayed enhanced neural markers of motor preparation for shorter relative to longer silences. In our recent publication in Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience (SCAN) we investigated how musical partners resolve unmeasured expressive silences in musical interaction. By Anna Zamm 1, Stefan Debener 2, Ivana Konvalinka 3,ġDepartment of Cognitive Science, Central European University, Vienna, AustriaĢDepartment of Psychology, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, GermanyģSection for Cognitive Systems, DTU Compute, Technical University of Denmark,